The Win32 API Libraries#

This document describes Open Dylan’s set of Win32 API interface libraries. These libraries provide a low-level Dylan interface to the Win32 API in Microsoft Windows.

Each Dylan library is a simple translation of Win32 API header files into a set of interface declarations from Open Dylan’s C-FFI library. So you can write Windows applications in Dylan by using the same functions and types as you would in C, albeit with slightly modified names so that they conform to Dylan naming conventions and requirements.

The Open Dylan Win32 API has been constructed from several Dylan libraries. Win32 functionality is divided among these libraries, matching the contents of Microsoft’s DLLs, allowing Dylan applications to avoid references to DLLs they do not need to use.

With the exception of changes necessitated by Dylan naming conventions and requirements, the names of C items have been preserved. Hence this document does not provide an exhaustive list of the items available in the libraries. Instead, it explains the name mapping scheme we used in the conversion, and provides a collection of tips for writing Dylan applications with the libraries. Finally, there is a list of items not supported in our versions of these libraries.

Supported Win32 libraries#

Each Dylan library representing a portion of the Win32 API has a single module of the same name as the library itself. For example, the library Win32-Common has a module also called Win32-Common. An exception to this rule is Win32-User, which also exports the module Win32-Default-Handler.

The libraries are:

Win32-Common

  • Data types, constants (including error codes), and structure accessors that are shared by the other modules.

  • Most of these come from the Win32 header files WINDEF.H, WINNT.H, and WINERROR.H. (There is no DLL file supplied as standard with Windows that corresponds with this library, because there are no C functions in the header files to which it forms an interface.)

  • Win32-Kernel Non-GUI system services, as implemented in KERNEL32.DLL and declared in WINBASE.H (files, pipes, semaphores, atoms, time, and so on) and WINNLS.H (National Language Support).

  • Note: This library does not provide thread support. Thread support is being handled at a higher level by Dylan’s own Threads library. See the Core Features manual for details.

  • Win32-GDI Graphics Device Interface, drawing graphics and text, and printing. Corresponds to WINGDI.H and GDI32.DLL.

  • Win32-User Other windowing functions. Corresponds to WINUSER.H and USER32.DLL. Also contains win32-last-handler which can handle conditions and display them to the application user a simply Win32 dialog. That function is exported from the module Win32-Default-Handler.

  • Win32-Version Version management. Corresponds to WINVER.H and VERSION.DLL.

  • Win32-Dialog Common dialog boxes, as implemented in COMDLG32.DLL and declared in COMMDLG.H, DLGS.H, and CDERR.H.

Win32-Controls

  • “Common controls”, including list view, tree view, property sheets, and so on (COMMCTRL.H and COMCTL32.DLL).

Win32-Registry

  • Registry (WINREG.H and ADVAPI32.DLL).

Win32-Rich-Edit

  • “Rich edit” controls (RICHEDIT.H and RICHED32.DLL).

  • Win32-DDE Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE.H and DDEML.H).

  • Win32-Shell API for querying and extending the Windows Shell. Corresponds to SHELLAPI.H and SHELL32.DLL.

  • Winsock2 Corresponds to WINSOCK2.H, QOS.H, and MSWSOCK.H.

Content and organization of the Win32 API libraries#

The Open Dylan Win32 API libraries are modeled closely upon Microsoft’s Win32 C libraries. Most names available in the Dylan libraries are the same as those available in the C libraries, though of course to conform to Dylan naming conventions and restrictions, many of the C names have been translated.

Note

Look at the library.dylan file in each library to see what each library provides. (Look in comlib.dylan for Win32-Common.) The libraries generally include only features that apply to both Windows NT and Windows 95/98.

If there is an additional area of Win32 you would like to see these libraries support, please inform the Open Dylan support team.

Notes on the translations#

The Win32-Common module re-exports some names from the C-FFI module that its user may need to use directly, without needing to use (or know about) the C-FFI module itself. These names are: null-pointer, null-pointer?, pointer-address, pointer-value, pointer-value, pointer-cast, <C-string>, <C-unicode-string>, destroy, and with-stack-structure.

Names that are documented as being obsolete and/or included in Win32 only for compatibility with Win16, are generally not defined in the Dylan libraries. The names excluded are listed in Index of Win32 names excluded from the Dylan libraries.

The extended API macros, defined in the optional C header file WINDOWSX.H, are not supported.

Naming and mapping conventions#

A Dylan application using the Win32 API will generally use the same API names as a C program would, with the following modifications for consistency with Dylan conventions.

Simple naming conventions#

Type names are enclosed in angle brackets. For example, HANDLE becomes <HANDLE>.

Names of constants are prefixed by $. For example, OPAQUE becomes $OPAQUE.

Underscores are replaced by hyphens. Thus, a constant called NO_ERROR becomes $NO-ERROR and a class called LIST_ENTRY becomes <LIST-ENTRY>.

Hyphens will not be inserted between capitalized words (for example, CreateWindow does not become Create-Window) since that is a less obvious mapping that is more likely to cause confusion when switching between Dylan code and Windows documentation.

Mapping the null value#

In place of NULL, there are several constants providing null values for frequently used types, such as $NULL-HANDLE, NULL-RECT, and $NULL-STRING. Null values for other pointer types may be designated by the expression null-pointer(<FOO>). Use the function null-pointer? to test whether a value is null. Do not use the expression if(ptr)... as is often done in C, since a null pointer is not the same as #f. There are also functions null-handle and null-handle? for creating and testing handles, since conceptually they are not necessarily pointers.

Mapping C types onto Dylan classes#

The multitude of integer data types in C code (int, long, unsigned, ULONG, DWORD, LRESULT, and so on) are all designated as <integer> (or some appropriate subrange thereof) in Dylan method argument types. However, a <machine-word> needs to be used to represent values that do not fit in the signed 30-bit representation of an integer.

Names such as <DWORD> should not be used in application code because they refer to the FFI designation of the C value representation, not to a Dylan data type.

The C types BOOL and BOOLEAN are both mapped to <boolean> in Dylan. Use #t and #f instead of TRUE and FALSE.

Note

Beware that some functions, such as TranslateAccelerator, though documented to return TRUE or FALSE, actually return int instead of BOOL ; in such a case, you will have to compare the result to 0.

Similarly, watch out for cases where C code passes TRUE or FALSE as an integer argument. To handle one common case, the Dylan implementation of MAKELPARAM accepts either an <integer> or <boolean> as the first argument.

The C types CHAR, WCHAR, and TCHAR are all mapped to <character> in Dylan. However, UCHAR is mapped to <integer> since that is how it is actually used.

Most of the pointer types in the Windows API have several names; for example: PRECT, NPRECT, and LPRECT. In 16-bit code, these distinguished between “near” and “far” pointers, but in 32-bit code there is no difference. Rather than carry the duplicate names over into Dylan, it would be simpler to use only the basic P… prefix names. However, the LP… names seem to be used much more often, and hence may be more familiar, and the Microsoft documentation still tends to use the LP… names in most places. So the Dylan interface defines both the <P…> and <LP…> names even though they have identical values. The NP… names are not defined in Dylan since they are not as commonly used.

Values of type char* in C are represented as instances of class <C-string> in Dylan. This is a subclass of <string>, so all of the normal string operations can be used directly. C function parameters of type char* will also accept an instance of <byte-string> ; a C pointer is created to point to the characters of the Dylan data, so the string does not need to be copied. (Dylan byte strings maintain a NUL character at the end in order to allow them to be used directly by C.)

in the current implementation, that involves automatically copying the string at run time, but the need for copying is intended to be removed later.

The TEXT function can also be used to coerce a string literal to a <C-string>. This usage is consistent with the Win32 TEXT macro, although the current purpose is different.

The Dylan declarations for C types will generally follow the strict alternative versions of the C declarations. This means, for example, that the various handle types such as <hmenu> and <hwnd> are disjoint subclasses of <handle>, instead of all being equivalent.

Creating methods from Windows alias functions#

Consider a Windows function called Foo which is an alias for either FooA (an 8-bit character version) or FooW (a 16-bit character version). In Dylan, only the name Foo will be defined, but it will be a generic function with separate methods for arguments of types <C-string>, <C-unicode-string>, <byte-string> or <unicode-string>. (Only the 8-bit versions will be supported in the initial implementation, both because the compiler is not ready to handle Unicode and because it will not work on Windows 95.)

Mapping C structure fields onto Dylan slot names#

Because slot names are not in a separate name space in Dylan, the names of C structure fields will have the suffix -value added to form the name of the Dylan accessor function. For example, the C statement:

pt->x = x;

becomes in Dylan:

pt.x-value := x;

There is not any attempt to append ? to the names of predicate functions since it is not obvious exactly which functions that should apply to. The Dylan convention of *…* for global variables is not relevant since there are no global variables involved.

Handling return of multiple values#

In cases where the C library function takes a pointer argument as a place to store a pointer, integer, or boolean value, the corresponding Dylan function uses multiple return values to return such output parameters following the original function return value. For example, where C code does:

BOOL ok;
DWORD NumberRead;

ok = ReadConsoleInput(handle, buffer, length, & NumberRead);

in Dylan it would be:

let ( ok :: <boolean>, NumberRead :: <integer> ) =
  ReadConsoleInput(handle, buffer, length);

Similarly, this function returns multiple values instead of a structure:

let ( x, y ) = GetLargestConsoleWindowSize(handle);

Defining callback functions#

The Win32-common library provides a define callback macro to make it easy to define callback functions without the application programmer needing to use the FFI define c-callable-wrapper macro directly. It is used like this:

define callback WndProc :: <WNDPROC> = my-window-function;

This says that WndProc is being defined as a C function pointer of type <WNDPROC>, which when called from C causes the Dylan function my-window-function to be run. The Dylan function will be defined normally using define method or define function, and it is the responsibility of the programmer to ensure that its argument signature is consistent with what <WNDPROC> requires. For example:

define method my-window-function(
  hWnd :: <HWND>, // window handle
  message :: <integer>, // type of message
  uParam, // additional information
  lParam) // additional information
=> return :: <integer>;
  ...

Note that the uParam and lParam arguments might receive values of either type <integer> or <machine-word>, so it may be best not to specialize them. Often these values are not used directly anyway, but are passed to other functions (such as LOWORD and HIWORD) which have methods for handling either representation.

The other types of function supported by define callback are dialog functions (<DLGPROC>) and dialog hooks (<LP…HOOKPROC>), both of which have the same argument types as a window function, but return a <boolean>. (The dialog hook functions are actually declared in COMMDLG.H as returning a UINT, but the value is always supposed to be TRUE or FALSE, so the Dylan callback interface has been implemented using BOOL instead.)

Error messages#

The Win32-Kernel library provides the following utility functions.

win32-error-message Function#
Signature:

win32-error-message error-code => message

Discussion:

The error-code is an instance of <integer> or <machine-word> (type unioned).

The error-code argument is either a Windows a Windows error code (such as returned by GetLastError) or an SCODE (also known as an HRESULT) value (such as returned by most OLE/COM functions).

The function returns a text message (in a string) corresponding to the error code, #f if the code is not recognized. The returned string might have more than one line but does not have a newline at the end.

Example:
win32-error-message(5) => "Access is denied."
report-win32-error Function#
Signature:

report-win32-error name #key error

Discussion:

Signals a Dylan error if the Win 32 error code specified is not NO_ERROR. If no code is specified, the value returned by the Win32 API GetLastError is used. The error that is signaled includes both the error code and the error message, as computed by the function win32-error-message.

check-win32-result Function#
Signature:

check-win32-result name result

Discussion:

Many Windows functions return #f or NULL to mean failure. The function check-win32-result checks the result to see if it indicates failure, and if so it calls report-win32-error.

Example:
check-win32-result("SetWindowText", SetWindowText(handle, label))
ensure-no-win32-error Function#
Signature:

ensure-no-win32-error name

Discussion:

Ensures that the Win32 API GetLastError does not indicate that an error occurred. If an occurs, it is signaled using report-win32-error.

Handling Dylan conditions in a Win32 application#

The Win32-User library exports from its Win32-Default-Handler module a handler utility function called win32-last-handler, defined on objects of class <serious-condition>.

win32-last-handler Function#
Discussion:

Displays a rudimentary Win32 dialog to allow the user to decide what to do with the Dylan condition that has been signalled.

It is a handler utility function that can be by bound dynamically around a computation via let handler or installed globally via last-handler-definer. It is automatically installed as the last handler simply by using the Win32-User library.

The function has the following call syntax:

win32-last-handler (serious-condition, next-handler)

The serious-condition argument is an object of class serious condition. The next-handler argument is a function. The win32-last-handler function returns no values.

The following form defines a dynamic handler around some body:

let handler <serious-condition> = win32-last-handler;

while the following form installs a globally visible last-handler:

define last-handler <serious-condition> = win32-last-handler;
seealso:

last-handler-definer and default-last-handler, exported from the Functional Dylan-Extensions library and module, in the Core Features reference manual.

Dealing with the C function WinMain#

In C, the programmer has to supply a WinMain function as the main program for a GUI application, but in Dylan there is no main program as such. The beginning of execution is indicated simply by a top-level function call expression; this needs to be at the bottom of the last file listed in the project file. The Win32-Kernel and Win32-User libraries export functions to obtain the values which would have been the arguments to WinMain:

application-instance-handle() => <HINSTANCE>
application-command-line() => <string>
// arguments without program name
application-show-window() => <integer> // one of $SW-...

There is no accessor provided for the WinMain previous instance parameter because on Win32, that parameter is always null, even for Win32s as well as NT and Windows 95.

The program can be terminated, with an exit code, by calling either the Win32 ExitProcess function or the exit-application function in Open Dylan’s System library. The latter method is preferred if the application might actually be run as part of another process.

The start of an application program might look something like this:

define method my-main ()
  let hInstance :: <HINSTANCE> = application-instance-handle();
  let wc :: <PWNDCLASS> = make(<PWNDCLASS>);
  wc.style-value := 0;
  wc.lpfnWndProc-value := MainWndProc;
  ...
  RegisterClass(wc);
  let hWnd = CreateWindow( ... );
  ShowWindow(hWnd, application-show-window());
  UpdateWindow(hWnd);
  let msg :: <PMSG> = make(<PMSG>);
  while ( GetMessage(msg, $NULL-HWND, 0, 0) )
    TranslateMessage(msg);
    DispatchMessage(msg);
  end;
  ExitProcess(msg.wParam-value);
end method my-main;

my-main(); // this is what initiates execution.

For a complete example program, see

Examples\Win32\windows-ffi-example\example.dylan

in the Open Dylan installation directory.

Combining bit mask constants#

Where C code would use the | operator to combine bit mask constants, Dylan code usually uses the logior function. However, a few such constants have values of type <machine-word> when they will not fit in a small integer, and logior only works on instances of <integer>. Because of this, the win32-common library exports a %logior function which is used like logior except that it accepts values of either type <integer> or <machine-word> and returns a <machine-word> result. It can be used in most places that accept a bit mask (C types DWORD, ULONG, LPARAM, and so on), but must be used if any of the arguments are a <machine-word>. The contexts where this is likely to occur are:

  • Window style parameter of CreateWindow ($WS-…)

  • Flags value for CreateFile or CreateNamedPipe ($FILE-FLAG-…)

  • $LOCALE-NOUSEROVERRIDE for LCTYPE parameters for GetLocaleInfoA, GetLocaleInfo, and possibly others, or dwFlags parameter of GetTimeFormat, GetNumberFormat, GetCurrencyFormat, or GetDateFormat.

  • Mask and effects values in CHARFORMAT structure for “rich edit” controls ($CFM-… and $CFE-…)

  • Mask value in PARAFORMAT structure for “rich edit” controls ($PFM-…)

Other minor details#

The types <FARPROC> and <PROC> are defined as equivalent to <C-function-pointer>, so any C function wrapper object can be passed to a routine taking a <FARPROC> without needing to do any type conversion like that needed in C.

Type casts between handles and integers (<integer> or <machine-word>) can be done by using as. For example:

window-class.hbrBackground-value :=
  as(<HBRUSH>, $COLOR-WINDOW + 1);

Note that pointers and handles must be compared using =, not ==, in order to compare the C address instead of the Dylan wrapper objects.

For type casts from one pointer type to another, use the function pointer-cast instead of as. Think of as as converting the data structure pointed to, while pointer-cast operates on just the pointer itself.

The Dylan function pointer-value can be used to convert between a Dylan integer and a LARGE-INTEGER or ULARGE-INTEGER. For example:

let li :: make( <PLARGE-INTEGER> ); pointer-value(li) := 0;

allocates a LARGE-INTEGER and sets its value to 0, without needing to be concerned with the individual fields of the internal representation. Alternatively, you can use an initialization keyword:

let li :: make( <PLARGE-INTEGER>, value: 0 );

The C macros MAKEPOINT, MAKEPOINTS, and LONG2POINT do not easily translate to Dylan. Instead, use the Dylan function lparam-to-xy to split a parameter into two signed numbers. For example:

let ( x, y ) = LPARAM-TO-XY(lParam);

In Dylan, <RECTL> is an alias of <RECT> instead of being a distinct type. (In Win32, they are structurally equivalent but were separate types for the sake of source code compatibility with Win16; there is no need to maintain that artificial distinction in Dylan.)

Windows resource files (.rc files) can be included by using the LID file field RC-Files:.

Index of Win32 names excluded from the Dylan libraries#

The names listed in the index below are excluded from the Open Dylan Win32 API libraries because they are obsolete.

Functions for old-style metafiles (CreateMetaFile, CloseMetaFile, and so on) are described in the Win32 API as being obsolete, but they are being supported because they are needed for OLE applications to exchange data with 16-bit applications.

Functions wsprintf and wvsprintf are not supported because the Dylan function format-to-string serves the same purpose. Also, the FFI doesn’t currently support C functions with a variable number of arguments.

The extended API macros defined in optional C header file windowsx.h will not be supported by the Dylan interface.

The 64-bit utility macros Int32x32To64, Int64ShllMod32, Int64ShraMod32, Int64ShrlMod32, and UInt32x32To64 are not planned to be supported since there is no clear need for them and the functionality can be obtained by using Dylan extended integers. However, an interface to function MulDiv is provided, since it is an ordinary C function that is commonly used.

Characters#

_hread, _hwrite, _lclose, _lcreat, _llseek, _lopen, _lread, _lwrite

A#

AccessResource, AllocDSToCSAlias, AllocResource, AllocSelector, AnsiLowerBuff, AnsiNext, AnsiPrev, AnsiToOem, AnsiToOemBuff, AnsiUpper, AnsiUpperBuff

B#

BN_DBLCLK, BN_DISABLE, BN_DOUBLECLICKED, BN_HILITE, BN_PAINT, BN_PUSHED, BN_UNPUSHED, BS_USERBUTTON

C#

CPL_INQUIRE, ChangeSelector, CloseComm, CloseSound, CopyLZFile, CountVoiceNotes

D#

DOS3Call, DefHookProc, DefineHandleTable, DeviceMode, DlgDirSelect, DlgDirSelectComboBox

E#

EnumFonts, ERR_…, ExtDeviceMode

F#

FixBrushOrgEx, FlushComm, FreeModule, FreeProcInstance, FreeSelector

G#

GCW_HBRBACKGROUND, GCW_HCURSOR, GCW_HICON, GWW_HINSTANCE, GWW_HWNDPARENT, GWW_ID, GWW_USERDATA, GetAspectRatioFilter, GetAtomHandle, GetBitmapBits, GetBitmapDimension, GetBrushOrg, GetCharWidth, GetCodeHandle, GetCodeInfo, GetCommError, GetCurrentPDB, GetCurrentPosition, GetEnvironment, GetFreeSpace, GetFreeSystemResources, GetInstanceData, GetKBCodePage, GetMetaFile, GetMetaFileBits, GetPrivateProfileInt GetPrivateProfileSection, GetPrivateProfileSectionNames, GetPrivateProfileString, GetPrivateProfileStruct, GetProfileInt, GetProfileSection, GetProfileString, GetStringTypeA, GetStringTypeW, GetTempDrive, GetTextExtent, GetTextExtentEx, GetTextExtentPoint, GetThresholdEvent, GetThresholdStatus, GetViewportExt, GetViewportOrg, GetWindowExt, GetWindowOrg, GlobalCompact, GlobalDosAlloc, GlobalDosFree, GlobalFix, GlobalLRUNewest, GlobalLRUOldest, GlobalNotify, GlobalPageLock, GlobalPageUnlock, GlobalUnWire, GlobalUnfix, GlobalUnwire, GlobalWire

H#

HFILE, HFILE_ERROR

L#

LZDone, LZStart, LimitEmsPages, LocalCompact, LocalInit, LocalNotify, LocalShrink, LockSegment

M#

MAKEPOINT, MakeProcInstance, MoveTo

N#

NetBIOSCall

O#

OemToAnsi, OemToAnsiBuff, OffsetViewportOrg, OffsetWindowOrg, OpenComm, OpenFile, OpenSound

P#

PM_NOYIELD, ProfClear, ProfFinish, ProfFlush, ProfInsChk, ProfSampRate, ProfSetup, ProfStart, ProfStop

R#

READ, READ_WRITE, ReadComm, RegCreateKey, RegEnumKey, RegOpenKey, RegQueryValue, RegSetValue

S#

SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT, ScaleViewportExt, ScaleWindowExt, SetBitmapDimension, SetCommEventMask, SetEnvironment, SetMetaFileBits, SetResourceHandler, SetScrollPos, SetScrollRange, SetSoundNoise, SetSwapAreaSize, SetViewportExt, SetViewportOrg, SetVoiceAccent, SetVoiceEnvelope, SetVoiceNote, SetVoiceQueueSize, SetVoiceSound, SetVoiceThreshold, SetWindowExt, SetWindowOrg, SetWindowsHook, StartSound, StopSound, SwitchStackBack, SwitchStackTo, SyncAllVoices

U#

UngetCommChar, UnhookWindowsHook, UnlockSegment

V#

ValidateCodeSegments, ValidateFreeSpaces

W#

WM_CTLCOLOR, WNetAddConnection, WNetCancelConnection, WRITE, WaitSoundState, WriteComm, WritePrivateProfileSection, WritePrivateProfileString, WritePrivateProfileStruct, WriteProfileSection, WriteProfileString

Y#

Yield